At the end of the lesson, students are able to scan texts for specific information, students are able to skim the texts to identify the main ideas found in paragraphs, and students are able to identify the cause and effects found in both oral and written materials. Throughout the teaching and learning activities, the lesson empowers students to develop language and scientific thinking simultaneously. By engaging with real-world phenomena in texts such as articles or reports, students learn to decode specialized vocabulary, understand complex sentence structures and identify cause–effect and claim–evidence–reasoning patterns common in scientific literature.